Passive Voice
Passive
voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject
pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan
menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer
of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
Sebaliknya,
pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung
dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat
ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct
object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus
passive voice dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
passive
voice
Catatan:
Auxiliary
verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were) maupun
kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been)
maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih
lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.
Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct
object).
Contoh :
Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject
dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari
passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun
‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3
(fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang
digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang
digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun,
jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui,
maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present,
past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous,
perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”,
tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan
contoh-contoh pada poin h – odi bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice
mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahis, am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He
meets them everyday.
Passive :
They are met by him everyday.
Active :
She waters this plant every two days.
Passive :
This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwas atau were
Contoh:
Active : He
met them yesterday
Passive :
They were met by him yesterday
Active :
She watered this plant this morning
Passive :
This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has
atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He
has met them
Passive :
They have been met by him
Active :
She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive :
This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had,
sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He
had met them before I came.
Passive :
They had been met by him before I came.
Active :
She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive :
This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbe
Contoh:
Active : He
will meet them tomorrow.
Passive :
They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active :
She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive :
This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
Active :
The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The
crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will
have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He
will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive :
They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She
will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This
plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah
auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
Active : He
would have met them.
Passive :
They would have been met by him.
Active :
She would have watered this plant.
Passive :
This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
is meeting them now.
Passive :
They are being met by him now.
Active :
She is watering this plant now.
Passive :
This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
was meeting them.
Passive :
They were being met by him.
Active :
She was watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
has been meeting them.
Passive :
They have been being met by him.
Active :
She has been watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
had been meeting them.
Passive :
They had been being met by him.
Active :
She had been watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
will be meeting them.
Passive :
They will be being met by him.
Active :
She will be watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive :
They would be being met by him.
Active :
She would be watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
will have been meeting them.
Passive :
They will have been being met by him.
Active :
She will have been watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He
would be meeting them.
Passive :
They would be being met by him.
Active :
She would be watering this plant.
Passive :
This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his
friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh
temannya tepat di hidungnya).
The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi
Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes
ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
There is no meal left. All has been devoured by
Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
English is studied by all high school students.
(Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan
SMA).
Perubahan
bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun
irregular.
Contoh:
play
(base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past
participle)
Contoh Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
Komponen Contoh Passive Voice dalam Kalimat
Subject be PP
I am paid I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe is used The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes are washed All of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milk are consumed Large amounts of meat and milk are
consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara
tsb.)
the book was edited The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books were edited The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs
Tidak semua
transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan.
Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like,
mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa
contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.
Contoh:
I have a
great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by
me.
The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is
contained by the snack.
Raymond,murphy basic crammar in use. Cambridge university press 1998
English Grammar, Oleh Henricus Budi H.
